In the first half of the 1800s, a wave of violent uprisings swept Western Europe. This "Age of Revolutions" was fueled by the political ideas of the French Revolution and the economic problems caused by the Industrial Revolution. The rebels were soon crushed, but the uprisings sent a chilling message to rulers across Europe. The winds of liberalism and nationalism also swept across the Atlantic, igniting wars of independence in Latin America.
Follow the directions and answer questions below.
There are 10 questions and 10 "ID. ME".
There are 10 questions and 10 "ID. ME".
Read the article and answer the questions below.
By the late 1700s, revolutionary fever had spread to Latin America, where the social system had led to discontent. Spanish-born peninsulares, the highest social class, dominated the government and the Church. Many creoles--Latin Americans of European descent who owned the haciendas, ranches, and mines--resented their second-class status. Mestizos, people of Native American and European descent, and mulattoes, people of African and European descent, were angry at being denied the status, wealth, and power that the other groups enjoyed. The Enlightenment and the French and American revolutions inspired creoles, but they were reluctant to act. However, when Napoleon invaded Spain in 1808, Latin American leaders decided to demand independence from Spain.
Revolution had already erupted in Hispaniola in 1791 when Toussaint L’Ouverture led a slave rebellion there. The fighting cost many lives, but the rebels achieved their goal of abolishing slavery and taking control of the island. Napoleon’s army tried to reconquer the island but failed. In 1804, the island declared itself independent under the name Haiti.
In 1810, a creole priest, Father Miguel Hidalgo, called Mexicans to fight for independence. After some successes, he was captured and executed. Father José Morelos tried to carry the revolution forward, but he too was captured and killed. Success finally came in 1821 when revolutionaries led by Agustín de Iturbide overthrew the Spanish viceroy and declared independence. Central American colonies soon declared independence, too.
In the early 1800s, discontent spread across South America. Simón Bolívar led an uprising in Venezuela. Conservative forces toppled his new republic, but Bolívar did not give up. In a grueling campaign, he marched his army across the Andes, swooping down into Bogotá and taking the city from the surprised Spanish. Then he moved south to free Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. There, he joined forces with another great leader, José de San Martín. San Martín helped Argentina and Chile win freedom from Spain. The wars of independence ended in 1824, but power struggles among South American leaders led to destructive civil wars. In Brazil, Dom Pedro, the son of the Portuguese king, became emperor and proclaimed independence for Brazil in 1822.
Revolution had already erupted in Hispaniola in 1791 when Toussaint L’Ouverture led a slave rebellion there. The fighting cost many lives, but the rebels achieved their goal of abolishing slavery and taking control of the island. Napoleon’s army tried to reconquer the island but failed. In 1804, the island declared itself independent under the name Haiti.
In 1810, a creole priest, Father Miguel Hidalgo, called Mexicans to fight for independence. After some successes, he was captured and executed. Father José Morelos tried to carry the revolution forward, but he too was captured and killed. Success finally came in 1821 when revolutionaries led by Agustín de Iturbide overthrew the Spanish viceroy and declared independence. Central American colonies soon declared independence, too.
In the early 1800s, discontent spread across South America. Simón Bolívar led an uprising in Venezuela. Conservative forces toppled his new republic, but Bolívar did not give up. In a grueling campaign, he marched his army across the Andes, swooping down into Bogotá and taking the city from the surprised Spanish. Then he moved south to free Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. There, he joined forces with another great leader, José de San Martín. San Martín helped Argentina and Chile win freedom from Spain. The wars of independence ended in 1824, but power struggles among South American leaders led to destructive civil wars. In Brazil, Dom Pedro, the son of the Portuguese king, became emperor and proclaimed independence for Brazil in 1822.
1. Why were creoles ready to revolt by 1808?
2. Why did Toussaint L'Ouverture lead a rebellion in Hispaniola?
3. Why might Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín be considered Latin American heroes? Explain.
4. Which European countries lost their control in Latin America?
5. Who were the leaders that fought for independence in Latin America?
2. Why did Toussaint L'Ouverture lead a rebellion in Hispaniola?
3. Why might Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín be considered Latin American heroes? Explain.
4. Which European countries lost their control in Latin America?
5. Who were the leaders that fought for independence in Latin America?
View the three (3) maps and answer the questions below.
6. Between what years did revolutions occur in Latin American and Europe?
7. How did Latin America change between the years 1800 and 1830?
8. What area of South America did Portugal control?
9. Looking at the Revolutions 1848 map, what is the distance between London and Naples?
10. What would be a good title for the three (3) maps below?
6. Between what years did revolutions occur in Latin American and Europe?
7. How did Latin America change between the years 1800 and 1830?
8. What area of South America did Portugal control?
9. Looking at the Revolutions 1848 map, what is the distance between London and Naples?
10. What would be a good title for the three (3) maps below?
Identify the items below and tell me what they are!
1. Ideology
2. Universal Manhood Suffrage
3. Autonomy
4. Radicals
5. Recession
6. Simon Bolivar
7. Peninsulares
8. Father Miguel Hidalgo
9. Father Jose Morales
10. Nationalists
1. Ideology
2. Universal Manhood Suffrage
3. Autonomy
4. Radicals
5. Recession
6. Simon Bolivar
7. Peninsulares
8. Father Miguel Hidalgo
9. Father Jose Morales
10. Nationalists